Women in Reservation

On Women’s Day (March 8), India saw the high voltage dramatization over much talked Women’ Reservation Bill in the Parliament. The Women’s Reservation Bill is the most fundamental bill to enable ladies in Indian legislative issues. As per the bill, ladies will appreciate 33 percent of the reservations in the Lower House of the Parliament and Assemblies. Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of the Parliament has passed the Women’s Reservation Bill on 9 March 2010, this day in India can be named as one of the noteworthy days in Indian politics.Major ideological groups were supportive of the bill. The discussion in the Upper House was fascinating in the midst of the disarray and show of the restricting Member of Parliaments. Remain of Political Parties: Thanks to Sonia Gandhi the Chairperson of Congress Party for the presentation of the bill just before Women’s Day. What's more, the help from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was award by the supporter of the b ill.The remain of the BJP over the bill is clear and the previous Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee was agreeable to the bill. Different gatherings were in against of the Bill and the supporters of UPA government have taken steps to pull back their help. While conversing with NDTV the not long after the bill was passed in Parliament, the Congress Chairperson, Sonia Gandhi was increasingly sure about the bill. She additionally asked the need of the bill in India legislative issues. Why the Women’s Reservation Bill?The need of great importance is ladies strengthening. The reality can’t be denied that still following 50 years of getting autonomy and self administration of Indian majority rule government, there is have to secure the enthusiasm of ladies in India. The bill will give 33 percent of necessary nearness of ladies speaking to different gatherings in the Upper House of the Parliament and Assemblies. There is dread of losing races if the ladies up-and-c omers are permitted to challenge from different bodies electorate, may the privilege think†¦ [continues]

Technology making us stupid free essay sample

What is the primary case/proposition? The primary case, or proposition, is that the more reliant we become with PCs and other innovation, the more our own knowledge decays and the more mind dead we become. As indicated by Kubricks dim prediction, by utilizing this innovation to comprehend various parts of the world, we are creating computerized reasoning. What are the methods for help for the case? The methods for help Carr utilizes are close to home declarations, models, and offer to rationale and worth. He utilizes himself as a help since he confesses to being a casualty of is contention, he says for over 10 years now, IVe been investing a ton of energy web based, looking and surfing and now and again adding to the incredible databases of the web. We will compose a custom article test on Innovation making us moronic or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A couple of Google look, some brisk snaps, and IVe got the reality or statement I was after. By expressing this, he is indicating that it is so natural to get made up for lost time in the accommodation of the web. He utilizes himself for instance in light of the fact that most Americans can relate, and comprehend what he is accustomed to. Everybody realizes that Google, or other web indexes, make gathering data simple, anyway many don't understand what it is doing to their cerebrums. Carr utilizes reality and a case of research done by researchers of the University College London, who were a piece of a multi year look into venture to clarify how much our examination propensities have changed throughout the years. Carrs composing makes perusers use rationale and qualities when contemplating how frequently they utilize the web, and what they are utilizing it for. Do the help procedures adequately demonstrate the theory? The help methodologies that Carr utilizes bolster his theory to a degree. He clarifies how innovation is destroying our cerebrums, yet he likewise negates himself by calling attention to ow routinely Americans use innovation, and how regularly we need it for ordinary undertakings. His help procedures may have been exceptional on the off chance that he utilized more realities, or research done on why innovation is decimating our cerebrums with man-made brainpower. The human mind is Just an obsolete PC that needs a quicker processor and a greater hard drive, this announcement Carr makes repudiates his contention in a manner since it shows that since we approach greater hard drives and quick processors outside of our cerebrum, we ought to utilize it. He doesn't plan to sound deceptive; owever his method of engaging rationale conflicts with his contention in light of the fact that as people, we have come to acknowledge the new typ es of innovation and the reality it could be annihilating our minds. How does the contention address contradicting claims? Are those cases adequately discredited? The contention tends to restricting cases in a sensible manner. Carr gets individual with the perusers, such that they comprehend what he is discussing and what he is used to. The contradicting guarantee, being we need innovation, was not tended to on a level where people will conflict with utilizing it. He clarifies that by sing the web, we are increasing counterfeit information, however losing our genuine information. I think there are a few people who will be stunned by this and by finding out about now innovation is evolving us, yet generally I think America has gotten alright with the possibility that our minds are diminishing, while our utilization of Google is expanding. We have acknowledged the way that soon we will be brimming with counterfeit insight. Does the contention surrender to outside positions? What is the impact of those concessions? The contention Carr makes places the outside situation into point of view. The concessions show that Carr recognizes, and has a receptive outlook to the assessment of others. He esteems that Americans do require some fundamental innovation, and that it very well may be helpful, while he likewise expresses that it can come to be an issue when it controls our lives. Does the essayist characterize the issue accurately? The essayist defines the issue, as the more reliant we become on innovation the more cerebrum dead we become, accurately. He works admirably of clarifying what's going on, and the diverse brain science and nervous system science impacts the web has. What is the justifying presumption? The justifying supposition that will be that by just relying upon innovation and web for our comprehension of the world, our genuine insight is probably going to diminish, while we increase man-made brainpower. Is the suspicion adequate or questionable? This supposition that is sketchy, on the grounds that while there is proof demonstrating more individuals are relying upon innovation, there could likewise be contentions that some web locales increment our knowledge. Would i be able to demonstrate the supposition that is erroneous? Truly, there are approaches to demonstrate that innovation is useful, and positively affects society. For instance, without the enhancements in innovation we would not have the nformation or access to progresses in vitality, medication, remedies for infections, or instruction. What else does the creator of the contention expect? Carr accept that all individuals approach more current innovation. He accepts that it is basic for everybody in the working environment to have new PDAs, and PCs. He likewise accept that people rely upon innovation for everything, which is the reason Americans have gotten progressively careless in regards to things occurring around them. He accepts that everybody will fall into the snare of web, and in a way will get entranced by it, when in actuality, numerous individuals may not approach the web or the new innovation.

A Leadership Profile of American Project Managers Essay

In spite of the fact that the requirements and requests of customers have consistently been the most elevated need for any venture director, expanding worldwide rivalry, regularly increasing customer desires, and the size of the activities sway on a firm’s main concern has started to put more noteworthy accentuation on the abilities important to effectively lead today’s venture groups. Truly, solid specialized aptitudes and information on the business would have been the key choice rules. It was, as a rule, basically expected that people who had these characteristics would lead the task to an effective fulfillment. Today’s complex venture conditions require significantly more noteworthy aptitudes at authority than at any other time. â€Å"Cookie-cutter† equation based administration was most likely never right, yet in today’s condition it will unavoidably prompt catastrophe. Execution desires for quality, cost viability, opportune conveyance, and a large group of other customer measures are tightened up a score every year. In the profoundly serious field where most ventures work, be they outer or inward, the prerequisite to create results that surpass customer desires has become the standard. As one respondent shared, â€Å"I have not chipped away at a venture in the previous five years that was not seen by the customer as being ‘fast track;† a lot is on the line, and getting higher. The days when cost invades and deferred finishing were basic are history. So are where specialized staff were once permitted to â€Å"experiment† until they hit the nail on the head. With the administrative acts of re-appropriating, cutting back, all out quality administration and nonstop improvement getting significantly progressively pervasive in our hierarchical condition, it very well may be normal that venture chiefs are encountering expanded execution pressures. Inner task administrators are potentially similarly as powerless against not having their agreements restored as outside advisors and contractual workers. Late Literature Jeffrey Pinto and Om Kharbanda shed light on this issue in two diary articles distributed in Business Horizons, â€Å"Lessons for an incidental profession† (1995) and â€Å"How to bomb in venture management† (1996). These creators accentuate the expanded requirement for projectmanagers. Progressively in fact complex items and procedures, limitlessly abbreviated time-to-advertise windows, and the requirement for cross-utilitarian ability make venture the board a significant and incredible asset in the hands of associations that comprehend its use† (Pinto and Kharbanda, 1995). In their subsequent article, â€Å"How to flop in venture management,† the writers compose a stinging analysis of the practices that join to create venture disappointments (Pinto and Kharbanda, 1996). Karen Ayas (1996) takes a more extensive reckless to the entire issue through what she portrays as a â€Å"project arrange structure. The plan of the framework ought to â€Å"stress the collaborations between hierarchical procedure, structure, culture and frameworks to permit associations to manufacture and grow learning limit. † The use of â€Å"process the board view† to extend the executives was accounted for as of late in Harvard Business Review. The investigation of driving organizations, for example, AT&T, Hewlett-Packard and Raychem over an eight-year time length drove the creator to report that, â€Å"managers can profit by applying a procedure the board way to deal with their item improvement process. Organizations can make a total arrangement that permits them to relegate practices to theirprojects with a gauge of required assets †¦ supervisors can take out blockage and extended periods before supper out workloads† (Alder, Mandelbaum, Nguyen, and Schwerer, 1996). (See additionally Jungen and Wowalczyk, 1995. ) Bob Lewis (Info World, 1996) presents the five keys that he accepts separate effective tasks from the others: scope control; standard, concrete, sensible outcomes; week by week status gatherings; group purchase in to the arrangement; and strolling around. Task the board is viewed as an imperative device for the usage of business process reengineering. â€Å"Project the executives permits associations to separate things into straightforward procedures and allot these exercises and modules to people. This methodology assists associations with distinguishing existing inherent conditions among forms †¦ A multidimensional discussion for enterprisewide perceivability is basic and will prompt critical efficiency and cost investment funds. †¦ Task the board is the hierarchical ‘glue’ that ties together scattered, high responsible groups all through the association. Groups will look for and request a structure to guarantee their prosperity under the new standards of quickly changing seriously serious markets. Task the board gives the system, empowers scattered administration and gives perceivability of exertion to partners all through the organization† (King 1996). Plainly, venture chiefs are being seen as vital pioneers in the presentation and usage of both operational and conduct administrative changes. Are venture directors seeing their jobs and obligations in a similar light as the writers of driving diary articles? What do rehearsing venture administrators accept are the basic attributes important to be viable? Then again, what components add to delivering ineffectual undertaking chiefs? On the operational side, what do they see as the essential drivers of activities that neglect to meet budgetary and time requirements? What do they see as the best undertaking administration â€Å"tools,† and the degree to which these â€Å"tools† add to the achievement of a venture? At last, how incredible is â€Å"the authority factor† in the achievement of a venture and what are the particular qualities and practices of pioneers that will affect authoritative viability in the following decade? The creators found no exploration that explicitly tended to these inquiries nor announced outcomes got legitimately from venture administrators. Research Instrument Design The examination instrument was packed of both open-finished and constrained answer questions. Furthermore, the respondents were solicited their understanding or valuation from a few articulations through the utilization of a customary five-point Likert scale extending from a high of 5 to low of 1. The finished instrument was then pretested by 12 venture administrators and officials in various firms. All recommendations were consolidated into the last research instrument. The examination instrument was then sent to a chose test of 100 senior-level task directors what it's identity was, expected, would have an abundance of experience in regards to the issues being contemplated. The creators got 76 usable reactions to the exploration instrument from the mailing of 100. The incredibly high reaction rate was expected to some degree to a forceful premailing and postmailing phone battle. The respondents were all generally senior undertaking chiefs with at least 10 years involvement with projectmanagement. The entirety of the task directors studied were utilized in enormous building and designing counseling organizations. Research Results and Discussion What Are the Characteristics of Effective Project Managers? The accompanying outcomes (introduced in Table 1) were acquired from an open-finished inquiry that posed to respondents to list, in rank request, the trademark that they accepted was fundamental for adequacy. Conceivably the most intriguing part of the task manager’s reactions to this inquiry was the way that specialized skill was the third most elevated evaluated trademark. Eight of the nine attributes were administrative in nature, mirroring a fundamental understanding that adequacy is legitimately identified with the capacity of theproject supervisor to lead and oversee more than just have excellent specialized aptitudes. This finding is reliable with the scholastic writing, however is all the more impressive when drawn from open-end reactions of experienced rehearsing venture directors. What Factors Contribute to Ineffectiveness Among Project Managers? So as to look at the subject of adequacy from an alternate perspective, the undertaking managerswere then asked, by means of open-finished inquiries, the particular idea of individual defects of task supervisors that straightforwardly add to incapability, just as the authoritative components that delivered similar outcomes. The purpose of these inquiries was to distinguish how both individual blemishes and authoritative variables added to creating an incapable undertaking supervisor. To an enormous degree the individual imperfections are a converse picture of the attributes of ffective task supervisors from Table 1. There is by all accounts a decent arrangement of inward consistency among the respondents (see Table 2). The authoritative components that add to turning into an ineffectiveproject supervisor are similarly pertinent, however to be expected. Absence of upper-administration responsibility and backing is a very much recorded wellspring of venture issues. Theproject the executives writing has tended to every one of the authoritative obstructions to adequacy and it is again strengthening to find that the reactions record that rehearsing venture managers’ recognitions completely bolster the writing. The previous hardly any decades have not seen the disposal of these exemplary wellsprings of authoritative insufficiency, despite the fact that their negative effect on venture execution has been known for quite a while. Protection from change and a receptive way to deal with natural choppiness are indications of a firm battling with acclimating to new serious conditions. Customary prize frameworks are commonly not appropriate toproject the board. Customary prize frameworks will in general have next to no immediate linkage between the exhibition rules of a venture and remuneration. With rivalry being exceptionally extraordinary in certain segments, a few activities are evaluated and sold at perilously dainty multipliers w

How to Identify the Assumptions in an Argument / The Elements of an Argument

How to Identify the Assumptions in an Argument / The Elements of an Argument For the purposes of illustration, let's take a look at #17 from the first Verbal section of the GRE PowerPrep Test #2. Question 17 is based on the following passage. Extensive housing construction is underway in Pataska Forest, the habitat of a large population of deer. Because deer feed at the edges of forests, these deer will be attracted to the spaces alongside the new roads being cut through Pataska Forest to serve the new residential areas. Consequently, once the housing is occupied, the annual number of the forest's deer hit by cars will be much higher than before construction started. 17) Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A) The number of deer hit by commercial vehicles will not increase significantly when the housing is occupied.B) Deer will be as attracted to the forest edge around new houses as to the forest edge alongside roads. C) In years past, the annual number of deer that have been hit by cars on existing roads through Pataska Forest has been very low. D) The development will leave sufficient forest to sustain a significant population of deer. E) No deer hunting will be allowed in Pataska Forest when the housing is occupied. Explanation: Identifying the assumption of an argument is often closely related to finding alternate explanations for a phenomenon. An argument consists of two main elements: 1) the premise (better known as evidence) and 2) the conclusion. The premise in this case is that deer tend to feed on the edges of forests, and that the extensive construction of a new housing development will create more such edges. The conclusion is that the number of deer hit by cars will drastically increase. In-between the premise and the argument lies the inference (better known as reasoning), that which connects the premise to the conclusion in a convincing way. In real life, you can attack an argument by disputing the validity of the premise itself (thats not true, your data is incorrect/flawed, etc.), but on the GRE (and the GMAT) thats not an option (all presented facts are assumed to be true). Thus, you must attack the argument by attacking the inference.An assumption of an argument is that which the argument depends upon for its validity. Hence, an assumption can be thought of as something that, if not true, invalidates the argument. This is called the assumption negation technique. Lets give it a try with the answer choices.A) This is what could be classified as an extraneous detail. Whether the houses are occupied or not has nothing to do premise or conclusion of the argument. Even if this were not true, then the conclusion could still be possible. B) Choosing this would indicate a misreading of the question, since the author says nothing about the edges of houses, only the edges of roads. Even if this were not true, then the conclusi on could still be possible.C) Years past have no relevance to the future, since the conditions will be different once the development is built. Even if this were not true, then the conclusion could still be possible. D) Yes, this is our correct answer. If this answer were not true (the development will NOT leave sufficient forest to sustain a significant population of deer), then the authors conclusion (the annual number of the forest's deer hit by cars will be much higher than before construction started) would be impossible, because there would be no deer around to get hit by the cars. There is also a clue in the very first word of the passage, which indicates that the construction is going to be extensive.E) The topic of deer hunting is logically unrelated to the topic of deer being hit by cars. Thus, negating this statement would have no effect on the conclusion. The correct answer is Choice D.

What Are Personal Values - 1628 Words

What are personal values? In our society, the values one would think of quickly would be honesty, responsibility, and fairness. My personal values align with these, but I would also add humility, loyalty, respect, and compassion. Even though these are the values that I believe in, I also realize that other’s values will differ from mine, some may be fairly similar while others may be vastly different. However, this is how it is supposed to be. If we all had the same values and thought the same way, we would not be different from one another rather we would be clones of one another. People’s values are developed by the conditions in which they grow up, who they are surrounded by, and by developing their own thoughts on the matter through†¦show more content†¦Later the next day, my mom got a phone call from one of my friend’s parents saying that I had bragged about all my accomplishments and had made my friend come home sad and crying. Right away, my mom s at me down and gave me a strict talking to. I was then told that not being humble had caused my friend to feel bad about herself and that what I had done was not nice. My mom then explained to me the concept of humility and bade me to practice it, that way nothing like this would every happen again. Ever since I was taught this lesson, I have done pretty well, of course when I was younger I slipped up every now and then, but those slip-ups taught me lessons, lessons that have helped me become the person I am today. I demonstrate this value everyday by reminding myself that I can be proud of myself and tell myself about my accomplishments, but I should try to restrain myself from being too â€Å"bragging† to others. This value is highly beneficial to me, but I do not think it is as beneficial to society. I think this because while humility is important for me, it is not as important for society to know or not know about my accomplishments. The next value is responsibility. Responsibility means having the right to act independently while also being responsible for what you do. Being responsible, means having an obligation to do something for someone or something, because you know it is the right thing to do. Responsibility was taught to me by a life experience.Show MoreRelatedJennifer Deison-Akerly. What Are My Personal Values?. .958 Words   |  4 PagesDeison-Akerly What Are My Personal Values? What do I consider my core personal values? A value can be defined as trait or attribute inherently desired. In essence, they are intangible qualities that are deemed worthy of possessing. Yet, I have never given much thought to identifying what my desirable qualities were as a person. I believe through my life I have I claimed or believed I had values which guided me, but I made these claims without consciously identifying these values. This seemsRead MorePersonal Values1435 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Values Development Personal Values Development The development of personal values occurs over a lifetime of living and experiences. What are personal values? What sources shape and influence those values? What criteria and decision making may be used to reshape our personal values? What impact do personal values have in the workplace and on workplace performance? This paper will address these issues from a personal perspective. Personal Values What are personal values? FirstRead MoreCultural Values Essay example1059 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to examine how personal, organizational, and cultural values affect decision making in my personal and professional life. My cultural, organizational and personal values represent my beliefs and traditions of my cultural environment. 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Based on the research, I came to the conclusionRead More The Impact of Values on the Workforce Essay973 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Personal Values, Organizational Values, and Cultural Values on the Workforce When we are called upon to make decisions, several factors are taken into consideration before this decision can be made. Depending on the type of decision, such factors could be cultural beliefs, personal beliefs, and organizational beliefs. We have come to realize that there are fundamental challenges in trying to apply ethical principles in a cultural and organizational environment. Each cultureRead MoreValue Alignment Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesValue Alignment for Wal-Mart Fadi Anadri, Betrina Hood, Schercitha Miller, Samantha Redfearn BUS/475 Bill Crigger July 21, 2010 Value Alignment for Wal-Mart An individual’s personal values depict what is important in his or her life, and such values often determine his or her behavior. Furthermore, values are an enlightenment of why people act or react the way they do, based on their personal beliefs. The combined values of an individual and organization must be compatibleRead MoreProfessional Responsibility Of Coaches And Athletic Personnel792 Words   |  4 Pagesbehavior in their personal and professional lives. They must have a clear perspective for their role and responsibility toward the organization, the team, and the athlete. Therefore, it is important to give consideration to the relationship between personal and professional responsibility; and also to whether there are limitations to loyalty to the organization or team. 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Social And Religious Changes Influenced By The Black Death

Were Major Social/Religious Changes Influenced by the Black Death? In the Later Middle Ages, from 1300 to 1450, a plague is seen spreading and killing mass amounts of people in Europe, this plague would later be named the Black Death. Starting in China in 1331 and then spreading to Europe by cargo ships in 1347. During the Later Middle Ages the climate also changed, dropping temperatures, killing crops, and freezing water supplies. During this period there were also multiple crisis that began to pop up, and not many can be attributed to the Black Death. One must take each event and look for causation case-by-case, rather than labeling all with the same brush stroke. Digging a little deeper, it is seen that the peasants’ revolts were in fact influenced by the Black Death. In â€Å"A History of Western Society† it is made clear that people were weak and sickly even before the Black Death infected them. â€Å"People were already weakened by famine, standards of pers onal hygiene remained frightfully low, and the urban populace was crowded together. Fleas and body lice were universal affections.† (History, 326). When people are already weak from starvation and sickness, then the Black Death arrives, people tend to fight for life. It is known that a number of peasants’ revolts took place, and one of these is recorded by an unknown monk in 1381. The source document called â€Å"The Anonimalle Chronicle: The English Peasants’ Revolt†. It delves into the issues around labor shortageShow MoreRelatedSocial And Religious Changes Influenced By The Black Death853 Words   |  4 PagesDid Major Social/Religious Changes Influenced by the Black Death? In the Later Middle Ages, from 1300 to 1450, a plague is seen spreading and killing mass amounts of people in Europe, this plague would later be named the Black Death. Starting in China in 1331 and then spreading to Europe by cargo ships in 1347. During the Later Middle Ages the climate also changed, dropping the temperature, killing crops, and freezing water supplies. During this period there were also multiple crisis that beganRead MoreThe Black Death : A Disastrous Mortal Disease And Spread Across Europe1373 Words   |  6 PagesThe Black Death, so named by later historians, was a disastrous mortal disease and spread across Europe in the years 1347~1352(Hunt 416). The Black Death, now known as plague, is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. When humans are bitten by a rodent flea, humans usually get the plaque (Plague Homepage | CDC). Nowadays, the plague can be treated by antibiotics easily. However, in the middle of the 14th century, no one knew what caused the disease , and how the disease was transmitted to othersRead MoreThe Reformation Of Henry VIII And The Protestant Reformation1177 Words   |  5 Pagessignificance over the others. To fully explore the causes of the reformations in England it is necessary to consider the position of Henry VIII, legitimate dissatisfaction many English people held with the Roman Catholic church, and other social factors. Henry VIII largely influenced the reformations in England. One of the Kings main reasons for pushing for a Protestant England came from the fact that he wished to separate from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry was aware that divorce was out of theRead MoreThe Black Death Ravaged Europe And Its Inhabitants1588 Words   |  7 PagesFrom 1347 to about 1352, the Black Death ravaged Europe and its inhabitants. While this devastating plague caused an exorbitant loss of life and a great deal of emotional suffering, it did lead to some major social changes in Europe that changed the course of history. The Black Death transformed the consciousness of the surviving populous of medieval Europe in a way no other event that has occurred before or since could. This transformed psyche created the catalyst that expedited the transformationRead MoreLooking Back at the Middle Ages1485 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical, social, religious and economic events, which have shaped history since tha t time, and the world today. One such event that has affected the politics of the Middle Ages and now was the signing of the Magna Carta. Secondly, was the Black Death (also known as the Bubonic Plague that affected the religious, social, and economic aspects. An event that affected the religious and economic aspects were the Crusades. 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They were persecuted for a variety of reasons, but three major ones were religious reasons, social prejudices, and the economic greed of the people. Religious leaders such as Martin Luther and John Calvin influenced the ideasRead MoreMy Psychoanalytic Views of Two Short Stories1454 Words   |  6 PagesPsychoanalytic Literary Criticism refers to literary criticism or literary theory which, in method, concept, or form, is influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis begun by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic literary criticism is a very common method of analyzing stories such as The White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett, Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Masque of the Red Death by Edgar Allen Poe. Sylvia, a shy girl, who is rather naive and innocent. For most of her life has been shelteredRead MoreThe Kingdom Of Matthias By Paul E. Johnson And Sean Wilentz Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesan ex-slave who changed her name from Isabella and gave her famous Ain’t I a Woman speech regarding abolition and women’s rights. But before her speech, Truth actively participated in a religious cult and faced a murder charge. Authors Paul E. Johnson and Sean Wilentz provide a descriptive account of the religious cult in their book The Kingdom of Matthias: A Story of Sex and Salvation in 19th-century America. Their book follows the life of Robert Matthews and the events of his life leading up toRead MoreThe Progressive And Traditional Forms Of Society1086 Words   |  5 Pagescritical to the overall growth and development of a society, the ideologies were substantially opposing in numerous ways. From the rate of speed for both social and technological evolution, how power was established and distributed, the methods that income was earned and viewed, the significance and role of religion in personal lives and also the social and economic structural differences, the two ideologies were dramatically opposing. However, it was these various differences that were the driving forces

Psychosocial Ego Ddevelopment by Erickson

Question: Discuss about the Psychosocial Ego Ddevelopment by Erickson. Answer: Introduction Eriksons stages of psychological development was formulated by Erik Erikson jointly with Joan Erikson is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies eight stages. A healthy individual passes through different stages from infancy to late adulthood. At every stage individual surpasses challenges that plays a significant role in his growth. Each stage is developed due to successful completion of previous stage. In case if one stage is not completed successfully the problem will reappear in later stage. It is not necessary that every individual will give similar outcome to a problem (McLeod, 2008). Every individual has a different way to tackle a problem. Individual at every stage needs to reconcile according to their belief and understanding (ERIKSONS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT, 2017). He emerges out of the previous stage due to corresponding virtue. The report is based on a past personal experience of my life. It represents the procedure through which I managed to overcome my past conflicts. With time every individual faces different crises that alter their behavior in life. This report describes my past experience and its effects. Background I was born and brought up in Ghana till the age of 8. Time actually altered when my family decided to relocate to Canada. Initially I and my sister were very excited with a though of moving to new place. Canada welcomed our family in a warm manner. Time in fact changed when my parents got my admission done in a local school. I still remember it was my first day at new school. I was keen to make new friends. The environment was very different and the most difficult thing for me was to imbibe the local culture. Most of the kids at school used to make fun due to my poor English and communication skills. It was very depressing for me in the initial days. There were very few kids in the class who used to speak to me. All I felt was loneliness and despair. An initial year at primary school was a nightmare for me. Some days I used to skip school by making a false excuse. Thinking of those days still scares me. As a child it is a difficult task to relocate to some unknown country. This thing took a toll on me for almost a year. Erickson Model (SOURCE: McLeod, 2008) According to Erickson Ego develops after successful resolution of the crises. This involves successful establishment of trust in oneself. The theory is on socio-cultural as well as psychological crises faced by an individual. On crossing each stage an individual faces different situation. This is due to the effect of individual growth and behavior to overcome a situation. Every individual has a different way to tackle a problem (Rutjens et al 2013). Individual at every stage needs to reconcile according to their belief and understanding. As a child I faced serious trouble while relocating to Canada. There was a time in my life when I was facing critical issues. The decision to shift everything to Canada was a significant milestone in my life. Erickson has divided the stages of life into 8 parts. The next stage starts after the completion of the previous stage (Dunkel Sefcek, 2009). As per the Erickson model, the situation is considered under 4th category. The forth category is described as Industry vs. Inferiority (Competency). This stage occurs during childhood from age of 5 to 12. Children during this stage begin to learn, read and write. Teacher plays a significant role in this stage of an individual. At this stage the child peer group plays a significant role. The child requires winning approval by demonstration of specific competencies. A child begins to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishment (Ferrer-Wreder et al 2008). Children at this stage require continuous motivation and encouragement to achieve the goals. In case if a child is restricted then he begins to feel low. This stage has a huge impact on later stages of development. Restrictions at this stage affect the abilities of an individual in accomplishing future goals. If a child is encouraged at this stage they feel accomplished and begin to feel industrious and confident. If the initiativ e of an individual are not encouraged then the child is not confident about achieving goals. Child begins to doubting his capabilities if restricted by their parents. A child generally develops special skills in this stage. It is essential for an individual to fail in order to develop modesty. A balance in between competency and modesty is essential for a child to develop future virtues (Berzoff, 2011). As per the given case study, it is clear that relocation from one place to other had a negative impact on the mental status of a child. This can be seen through individual behavior that the future modulation at this stage causes huge future impact. I needed support from the school and my classmate. I felt left out in the initial years of relocation. It is due to the fact that I had issues in developing capabilities according to the surrounding. Being a non-English speaker I have to cope up with the peer pressure as well. The stage has a long-term impact in my life. There were significant changes in my behavior that led to inferiority complex. The two years of my life after relocation were hard to manage. I fail to develop competency in initial two years. Lately I was able to manage the situation when I made new friends in local community. The issues were difficult to manage but the school teachers were cooperative. They helped me in nurturing new hobbies like swimming and dancing. Wi th that perspective I was able to identify core-competency within. Implication of additional theories Piagets Theory of development The concrete operational stage is the third part of Piagets Theory of cognitive development. As per this theory the individual gain better understanding of mental operations. A child begins to think logically and understands hypothetical concepts. It is clearly visible that the particular given situation had a long term impact on my life. The event led to modulation in the future consequences. At this stage an individual understand the changes occurring in his life. He struggles to imbibe the consequences in his life. He starts reasoning and understands the logic behind the stage. The stage of cognitive development is caused due to transitions in life. This growing ability has a long term impact in overcoming the formal stage of development (Cherry, 2016). This is however necessary that one starts to understand the implication of any major event in life. This is important part of ones life when considering individual development procedure. This stage reflects that the individual is not only growing physically but logically as well. The knowledge regarding the practical procedures in life depicts that he is ready to question on things which are not logical according to him. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner Behavioral Theory John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner in the behavioral theory have stated that one significant event led to various consequences. A behavior of an individual is affected by an event occurred at the different life stages. The positive and negative modification in life has a long term impact on individual decision making (Skinner, 2014). The program given by the author has helped in determining the manner in which evaluation and effectiveness is affected. According to the author it is effective that the reinforcement or punishment in life leads to different. It is mostly related with the mental state. The behavior of an individual is primarily affected due to environmental changes. In the given situation, the respondent shift to different place that led to sequence of behavior. It is essential for an individual to develop effective behavioral traits and necessarily focusing upon different attributes (Staddon, 2013; Shapiro, 2014). Recommendations and Conclusion It is important to study the individual behavior and a correct understanding about an object. It is seen that I as an individual underwent multiple changes due to a life changing event. Development taking at different stage has a long lasting impact. This is important that one need to focus on the initial years of development. It is visible that in the initial years of growth one needs excessive support from surrounding. The fluctuation in the behavior is the sign that the individual requires support. It is however important that the individual should start developing a major part of his future behavior due to current consequences. Under this situation he requires assistance from Behavioral Therapist. Following are the two organizations that play a vital role inn managing the issues faced by children undergoing conflicts: 1.(Canadian Association of Psychoanalytic Child Therapists) https://www.capct.ca/ 2.(Centre for Addiction and Mental Health) https://www.camh.ca/en/education/professionals_in_training/disciplines/Pages/behaviour-therapists.aspx These two associations help in attaining desired objectives by resolving the problem one is facing during his childhood. The counseling session provided by the organization helps in getting out of a depressive situation. The report constitutes three effective theories that are necessary to be implemented in the context of current scenario. There is a constant necessity of support to a child who is undergoing mental changes. References Berzoff, J. (2011). Psychosocial ego development: The theory of Erik Erikson.Inside out and outside in: Psychodynamic clinical theory and psychopathology in contemporary multicultural contexts, 97-118. Cherry,K.(2016). ONLINE). Retrieved from: https://www.verywell.com/concrete-operational-stage-of-cognitive-development-2795458 (Accessed on: 6 April 2017) Dunkel, C. S., Sefcek, J. A. (2009). Eriksonian lifespan theory and life history theory: An integration using the example of identity formation.Review of General Psychology,13(1), 13. ERIKSONS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT,(2017). (ONLINE). Retrieved from: https://www.learning-theories.com/eriksons-stages-of-development.html (Accessed on: 6 April 2017) Ferrer-Wreder, L., Palchuk, A., Poyrazli, S., Small, M. L., Domitrovich, C. E. (2008). Identity and adolescent adjustment.Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research,8(2), 95-105. McLeod, S. (2008). Erik Erikson.(ONLINE). Retrieved from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html (Accessed on: 6 April 2017) Rutjens, B. T., van Harreveld, F., van der Pligt, J., Kreemers, L. M., Noordewier, M. K. (2013). Steps, stages, and structure: Finding compensatory order in scientific theories.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,142(2), 313. Shapiro, E. S. (2014).Behavioral assessment in school psychology. Routledge. Skinner, B. F. (2014).Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis(Vol. 3). BF Skinner Foundation. Staddon, J. E. R. (Ed.). (2013).Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior. Academic Press. McLeod, S. (2008). Erik Erikson.(IMAGE). Retrieved from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html (Accessed on: 6 April 2017)

Penelope Is the Determining Moral Agent

Homer provides a comprehensive picture of the society of the ancient Greece in his Famous work The Odyssey. Penelope can be regarded as embodiment of rightfulness. It is also necessary to note that Penelope should be regarded as a determining moral agent as it is her own way to live and she has her own sense of what is wrong and what is right (remarkably, her decisions are rightful in terms of morality).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Penelope Is the Determining Moral Agent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, her rightfulness is manifested in different terrains. For instance, she follows rules accepted in the society. She knows that it is not right to be alone with many men and she is determined to maintain her reputation. She says, â€Å"I am not going among the men alone; it would not be proper for me to do so† (Homer XVIII: 4). Of course, following rules of the society is not the greatest virtue of Penelope who is rightful in all respects. Thus, Penelope loves her husband and she cannot betray him. She knows that getting married is a betrayal even though she is starting to believe that her husband is dead. She is â€Å"all the time broken-hearted about† her beloved husband (Homer XIX: 3). She knows no joy and when the night comes her â€Å"heart becomes a prey to the most incessant and cruel tortures† (Homer XIX: 8). She understands that she cannot do the wrong thing and marry another man. She manages to work out the way to postpone the new marriage. She says to a stranger she trusts, â€Å"I used to keep working at my great web all day long, but at night I would unpick the stitches again by torch light† (Homer XIX: 3). She manages to fool her suitors for three years, and she knows that this trick is the right thing to do as it can save her from the greater vice. It is also important to note that the only thing that may make Penelope betray her love is her promise she has given to her beloved husband. She is â€Å"forced to finish† her work and choose a husband (Homer XIX: 3). She is thinking of her son and she knows that the only way to save the house and even to save her son’s life is to betray her love and â€Å"quit† the house of her â€Å"lawful husband† (Homer XIX: 9). Again, she chooses the right thing to do. She makes the final attempt to escape from marriage, but she is ready to get married and â€Å"quit† the house of her â€Å"lawful husband, so goodly and so abounding in wealth† so that her son could live a happy life (Homer XXI: 2). It is also important to note that Penelope does not deceive her suitors and does not pretend loving anyone of them. She always says what she thinks. She calls her suitors those â€Å"who persist in abusing hospitality† of her house (Homer XXI: 2).Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get y our first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She also explains to her suitors that she as well as the mysterious stranger can think badly of the suitors as they â€Å"must not expect others to think well of them† (Homer XXI: 6). Finally, Penelope is rightfulness as she understands that her sorrow cannot let her accept the man who claims to be her husband and she tries the man asking him about things they â€Å"two are alone acquainted† with (Homer XXIII: 3). She does not want to be deceived â€Å"with a lying story† (Homer XXIII: 4). In conclusion, it is possible to note that Penelope is a rightful woman who follows her own code of conduct. She manages to keep the family hearth for her husband. She is also the determining moral agent as she is the one to work out her set of rules to follow and remain a rightful woman. Works Cited Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Samuel Butler, Page by Page Books, 2004. Web. https://www.pagebypagebooks.com/Homer_Butler_Tr/The_Odyss ey/Book_XIX_p3.html. This essay on Penelope Is the Determining Moral Agent was written and submitted by user Giovani Sawyer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Interesting Bull Shark Facts (Carcharhinus leucas)

Interesting Bull Shark Facts (Carcharhinus leucas) The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas)  is an aggressive shark found throughout the world in warm, shallow waters along coasts, in estuaries, in lakes, and in rivers. Although bull sharks have been found inland as far as the Mississippi River in Illinois, they arent a true freshwater species. The bull shark is listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Essential Facts Bull sharks get their common name both from their appearance and their behavior. The shark is large and stocky, with a broad, flat snout and an unpredictable, aggressive nature. Females are larger than males. A typical female bull shark is 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long and weighs 130 kg (290 lb), while a male averages 2.25 m (7.4 ft) and 95 kg (209 lb). The largest recorded bull shark was a 4.0 m (13.1 ft) female. The bite force of a bull shark is 5914 Newtons, which is the highest for any fish, weight for weight.There are 43 elasmobranch species found in freshwater. Sand sharks, sawfish, skates, and stingrays are other species that can enter rivers. Bull sharks are capable of osmoregulation, which means they can control their internal osmotic pressure when external salinity changes. This also makes them euryhaline (able to adapt to different salinities) and diadromous (readily able to swim between fresh and salt water). Bulls sharks give birth to four to ten live young in fresh water. Over ti me, the sharks gain a tolerance for salinity. Newborn or young sharks are usually found in fresh water, while older sharks tend to live in salt water. Young bull sharks flow with the tides to conserve energy needed for movement and osmoregulation. However, bull sharks can live their entire lives in fresh water. Adult life in fresh water is not ideal, as most of the sharks food lives in the sea. Bull sharks mainly eat bony fish and smaller sharks, including bull sharks. As opportunistic predators, they also eat terrestrial mammals, birds, turtles, crustaceans, echinoderms, and dolphins. They use the bump-and-bite strategy to attack prey, typically hunting in murky water. Usually, bull sharks are solitary hunters, although they may hunt in pairs to trick prey. Although bull sharks hunt in murky water, they can see color and use it to seek prey. They can be attracted to bright yellow gear, for example. The sharks hunt both during the day and at night.Adult sharks mate in late summer or early autumn. It takes 10 years for a shark to reach maturity. In the mating ritual, the male bites the females tail until she turns upside down, allowing him to copulate. Mature females often have bite marks and scratches.Bull sharks are apex predators, so their main threat is mankind. However, they may be attacked by great white sharks, tiger sharks, and crocodiles. The average life span of a bull shark is 16 years. How Dangerous Is the Bull Shark? The bull shark is believed to be responsible for most shark attacks in shallow water, even though  the International Shark Attack File  (ISAF) cites the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) as  responsible for the largest number of bites to humans. The ISAF notes great white bites are often correctly identified, but its difficult to tell bull sharks apart from other members of the family  Carcharhinidae  (the requiem sharks, which include the blacktip, whitetip, and grey reef shark). In any case, the great white, bull shark, and tiger shark are the big three where shark bites are concerned. All three are found in areas frequented by humans, have teeth designed to shear, and are large and aggressive enough to pose a threat. How to Recognize a Bull Shark If you see a shark in fresh water, chances are good its a bull shark. While the genus Glyphis includes three species of river sharks, they are rare and have only been documented in parts of Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Guinea. Bull sharks are gray on top and white underneath. They have a small, bullish snout. This helps camouflage them so they are harder to see viewed from below and blend in with the riverbed or sea floor when viewed from above. The first dorsal fin is larger than the second one and is angled rearward. The caudal fin is lower and longer than that of other sharks. Tips for Telling Sharks Apart If youre swimming in the surf, its not a smart idea to get close enough to identify a shark, but if you see one from a boat or land, you may want to know what type it is: Sandbar sharks also have rounded snouts, but their dorsal fins are larger and more triangular than those of bull sharks.Blacktip sharks are shaped much like bull sharks, but they have pointed snouts and white anal fins. Note juvenile bull sharks may have black-tipped fins, so coloration is not a good way to distinguish these species.Lemon sharks have blunt snouts, but they are yellow-green to olive-gray in color and both their dorsal fins are about the same size. Lemon shark dorsal fins angle back like those of a bull shark.Spinner sharks have pointed shouts, black tipping on their anal fins, and a band of Z-shaped lines on their sides.Tiger sharks have a dark stripe on their sides.Great white sharks are very large (10-15 ft long), have black eyes, and pointed snouts. Their coloration is similar to the bull shark (gray on top, white underneath).

Understanding the Ethics of Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Understanding the Ethics of Engineering - Essay Example If any company or organization does not behave ethically regarding any kind of business matter, various destructive effects occur as a result. â€Å"Business ethics, like most areas of ethics, often tends to focus on principles of actions, on the action itself and its consequences† (Frederick 30). In the field of engineering, ethics means the standards of moral behavior of individuals, not the standards of the engineering business as a whole. A business that behaves ethically induces other business associates to behave ethically as well (Posters). In this report regarding understanding the ethics of engineering, the factors which will be covered are ethical behaviors, importance of ethics in mechanical engineering, and various ethical issues in mechanical engineering. Ethical behavior promotes the self-respect, self-esteem, diversity and basic rights of individuals and groups of people. Personal ethics are the moral foundation on which people build their lives (Scivicque). Some examples of ethical behavior include truthfulness, fairness, respect, honesty, equality, sincerity, helping other individuals, taking care of others, obeying laws, and social values. Truthfulness is meant to inform others about any unwanted situation in order to provide them with awareness regarding the seriousness of the issue. For example, a doctor should always inform the patient about the disease even if the patient is not capable of bearing treatment expenditures. Fairness is that ethical behavior which is of extreme importance in any individual’s life. Fairness means to deal with every individual evenhandedly. For example, if a person is at a high rank, he is not supposed to make negative or improper use of his authority in any case. He should show fairness in every case which he deals with. Respect is another ethical behavior which deals with the admiration, approbation, and deference among individuals. For

A Major Issue Surrounding Religion In Africa Research Paper

A Major Issue Surrounding Religion In Africa - Research Paper Example The challenges that this continent is facing is presumed to not only haunt them in the next decade but they will be of concern to the wider international community as well. This paper aims at providing an analysis of the contemporary issues that confront the continent especially related to religion. I will try to cover different religions that exist in this continent. What are the major issues related to it? I will try to analyze them in the light of past and present so that a theme could be developed that connects the historical and contemporary world. In order to do so we have to peep into the traditional religions of Africa as well as into Islam, this is predominantly the current religion of Africa. I will also try to analyze how religion affects the continent today and what are the defining factors. An analysis of the issues surrounding religion is not possible in isolation. A number of other factors have their own strong impact ( (Deagan) on it such as development, culture, demo cratic environment, health and security, conflicts, arms and reconstruction. Any study done without taking into consideration all these facts will not be based on reality. In short we can say it will be inconclusive. So I will do a detailed analysis and will draw conclusion based on all these factors. We cannot deny the social importance of religion. Religion is an important strand of society. It provides a value system that underpins the foundation of society. Without a common value system of which religion is an important thread, the concept of society is not possible. Religious Plurality in Africa African history is very vast and old. Africa has religious plurality. Religious plurality means sharing of different religious traditions by the same family, immediate or extended, similar ethnic groups and nations. Many religions exist side by side. Members of the same family may follow different religions. If we take a closer look we can categorize the religions in Africa into three t iers, Traditional religions, Christianity and Islam. After Second World War self concept of Africans has changed due to political, intellectual changes around them. History of Religion in Africa The recorded history of Africa dates back to 3000 BC in Egypt. People worshipped gods like Isis, Horus, Osiris, Ra, and Hapi. This was the case within Egypt. In West Africa the trend was to worship single god like sky god. Monotheism that is belief in single god also originated in Egypt in 1300 B.C. that led to worshipping of Akenanten. Religious history is deeply influenced by political history. (History of Religions in Africa) Conquerors of Africa always influenced the religion of the region. Africa was conquered by Greeks, Romans and Phoenicians after the death of Akenanten and each of them influenced the concept of god. The great change in the religious beliefs of the Africans came in 300 AD. Roman emperors believed in Christianity and that is how Christianity entered this region. Even a t that time Christianity was not the only religion. The Bantu faith, who believed in Polytheism, was also expanding in Southern Africa at that time. They believed in the powers of ghosts and evil powers, which supposedly had great influence on their lives. They worshipped ghosts of dead kings and heroes. Islam entered into this region in 600 AD. This shift

Things to Know About Volleyball Essay Example for Free

Things to Know About Volleyball Essay One thing that I didn’t know about volleyball was that in 1895 William G. Morgan invented it. I also didn’t know that Volleyball has the skills of Baseball, Handball, and Tennis. Two things I already knew were how to spike and serve. Two things I already knew how to do were how to spike and serve. One more thing I didn’t know was how to jump serve. hits then without exercising. This book is based on both facts and how you would play the game. The way the author uses facts is by on page 54 it tells you step by step how to do a back set. The way I can tell the difference between the author’s presentation or fact and inference is by in all of chapter one it gives you some facts on how the game first started. One of the facts is that in 1895 William G. Morgan wanted to invent a game that had the skills of baseball, handball, and tennis. Thus inventing Volleyball. Five items you would put in a timecapsul would be: 1. A volleyball because that’s what the book is all about. 2. Tips on How to Play the game so that if someone in the future knew how to play already they could have tips to become better player’s. 3. A list of warm-ups and exercises to do to play the game better cause your have better 4.I would also put in a list of steps that you should do to know how to spike because bumping, setting, and spiking are the three main ways to get the ball over the net. 5.I would also put in a list of Volleyball Talk words because they would be good to have so when you play the game and use the words you will know what they mean and how to use them.

Chef :: essays research papers

Chef This epic tale of love and deception takes us back in time to the year nineteen hundred and eighty seven. Early one morning in London, England, we find ourselves in the kitchen of Chef. This sweet mouthwatering scent of Salisbury steak fills the room. This was to be the finest steak Chef had ever prepared. He planned to enter a contest with this masterpiece, the prize being a cruise to Greenland. To Chef, this was the land of paradise. He would be the only man there to seduce and womanize the native females. The oven bell rang. The Salisbury steak was done to perfection. He rushed it to his finest Tupperware to the judges mouths. They chewed and gagged, but due to lack of contestants he won. He now had earned his passage to Greenland, and broke out in song. Time passed and the day of the cruise had arrived. It was time to board the ship. Dressed in his finest crushed velvet robe and lucky Chef’s hat, he set off. As the ship set away the Chef wandering the decks, taking in all of the sights and sounds. There on the main deck, he found his favorite spot. Shedding his robe, he stood in his fluorescent pink G-string. He approached a beautiful women sunning herself. He seductively blurted out “Woman your body is screaming for the oily touch of my strong black hands.'; At that moment she bursts into tears. He asked, “What’s wrong baby?'; She then explained to him that her name was Cartman, Mrs. Cartman. She had been forced into engagement with not only Mr. Garrison but Mr. Hat as well. The sorrow this caused her was too great, so she planned to end her life. The Chef then uttered back to her “Woman that would be a crime to ugly up a fine body like yours, let me take your picture and send to a fine quality, readin g periodical.'; Surprised at the offer she accepted. The Chef then escorted her to a more proper setting of his room. As he properly positioned her upon the couch, the Chef realized that he had no camera. Thinking quickly, he remembered the colored pencil he had in pocket. He knew it would be perfect, but still he asked, “Would mind if I traced the curves of your body with my dark colored pencil.'; She replied with an exciting giggle.

Q: Contrast English with One Other Language with Respect to Two Particular Points of Grammar or Vocabulary. with Reference to That Point of Grammar/Vocabulary, State How Native Speakers of These Languages Would Be

Q: Contrast English with one other language with respect to TWO particular points of grammar or vocabulary. With reference to that point of grammar/vocabulary, state how native speakers of these languages would be predicted to differ in their thinking or perception if we accept the linguistic relativity hypothesis. How might you test this prediction experimentally? This essay will discuss the linguistic relativity hypothesis contrasting the English language with the most common Chinese dialect, Mandarin.The question of whether or not the language we speak shapes how we view the world has interested the fields of anthropology, psychology and linguistics for many years. Using two aspects of vocabulary, which I have chosen to be that of ‘space’ and ‘time’, I will attempt to predict how native Mandarin and English speakers may differ in their conceptions of the sequential order of time. Following these predictions I will outline a proposed method as to test the predictions experimentally. A definition and brief history of how the linguistic relativity hypothesis developed into what it is today is the necessary starting platform for this essay.Today and indeed spanning back through this century, Benjamin Lee Whorf is most commonly associated with the hypothesis of linguistic relativity. (Slobin, 1996, p. 70). However it is due to the arguments and advancing hypotheses of Hamann, Herder, Humboldt, Boas and Sapir that brought about today’s view of linguistic relativism (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996, p. 2). Hamann was the first German philosopher to bring light and discussion to the relationship of language and cognitive thinking. In 1762 Hamann recorded many ideas with attribute to linguistic relativism in his work ‘Kreuzzuge des Philologen’.Here Hamann states how â€Å"Language did not originate from thought, but its origin had been prior to thought, for thought presupposes a language in which it might manifest itself† (Beek, 2005, p. 7). Herder was Hamann’s student and it is visible in his work that he was influenced by the teachings of Hamann. The progression of this discussion began as Herder believed that language was a result of psychological, historical and natural forces, (McAfee, 2004, p. 28), and had no divine origin as thought by Hamann. Whorf also shared this belief among others with Herder. Whorf put such eliefs into his studies, the prevalent shared theory being that â€Å"external features of a particular language could provide clues to its inner character† (McAfee, 2004, p. 28). The 19th century paved way for the German philosopher and language theorist, Humboldt. Whorf drew many of his theories from those of Humboldt’s. Humboldt strongly believed that language and thought were one and that with the absence of language, cognition could not be articulated clearly, (McAfee 2004, p. 28). Humboldt is the first mentioned in this essay to seek a substantial amount of evidence in order to prove or further predict his thoughts on linguistic relativity.Due to lack of concrete information present in the linguistic comparative research field, Humboldt backed up his claims by using evidence from non-western languages (Beek 2005, p. 8). One of his studies examined the different amount of words for the animal ‘elephant’, in the English and Sanskrit languages. He found that in comparison to the English word ‘elephant’ which carries only one meaning, there were several words for elephant in the Sanskrit language denoting many meanings. His concluding thoughts on this were that because of the differences in their vocabulary, the English and the Sanskrit would perceive the animal differently.This led Humboldt to further believe that each culture had its own world view, a theory known and adapted by Whorf as ‘Weltanschauung’ (McAfee, 2004, p. 29) Humboldt’s theory ‘Weltanschauung’ was brought to Ame rica by the founder of the American School of Anthropology, Boas. This was due to the fact that Boas shared Humboldt’s view that each culture had a distinct identity and could only be fully understood through the study of its history, society, traditions and of course language (McAfee, 2004, p. 9). Boas, teacher of Sapir (Sapir, teacher of Whorf), was credited by Whorf with his theory that different exotic cultures exemplify different methods of thinking. It was Sapir that introduced Whorf to the claims made by his teacher, Boas. Whorf took this theory and altered it, stating that unlike Boas, he felt that it was linguistic structures rather than conceptual differences that led to different world views of different cultures (McAfee 2004, p. 29).Sapir argues that through his article entitled â€Å"The status of linguistics as a science† it is the language of a society that shapes the world we live in. Sapir blatantly states that human beings are â€Å"at the mercy† of the language they speak. Whorf, learning and drawing from each of his predecessors gave meaning to his hypothesis of linguistic relativity where he believes that it is the different grammars of languages that lead to different types of observations and evaluations of â€Å"externally different facts of observation† (Gumperz & Levinson, 1996, p. 6).Therefor it can clearly be seen that although the linguistic relativity hypothesis has come to being more commonly known as the ‘Whorfian Hypothesis’, it is not only Whorf who should be accredited with the hypothesis, but all minds that lead to the final wordings of Whorf. However, in today’s society and with the advancement of cognitive science, Whorf’s claims cannot stand alone. His view has been dissipated. Now leading the research are Lera Boroditsky, John A. Lucy and Stephen C. Levinson. These linguists are concerned with answering the question â€Å"Does language shape thought? , and relying m ore on evidence than thoughts and theories. This essay will conform to the modern resurgence of the question â€Å"Does language shape thought? † Different languages have different vocabularies. Do people of different languages view the world differently because of their respective vocabularies? More specifically, does the differing vocabulary associated with space and time associated with different languages affect the speaker’s cognitive conceptions of the sequential order of time? Of course, many aspects of time are common to all languages and therefor cultures.For example, yesterday is in the past and tomorrow is in the future. Indeed these concepts are universal across all languages. However, what is not universally accepted by all languages regarding the above statement is the sequential order of yesterday and tomorrow. For native English speakers, tomorrow would be thought to be in front of you, forward. Yesterday would be thought to be behind you, backwards. Th is is due to the use of the English language’s spatial terms representing time. ‘In front’ and ‘behind’ are spatial terms that shape the thoughts of English people’s perception of time.This statement is meaningless without the comparison of another language with different conceptions of special awareness involving time. Mandarin. Mandarin also uses the spatial terms ‘in front’ (‘qian’) and ‘behind’ (‘Beihou’) when talking about time. However, unlike the English language, Mandarin uses vertical spatial morphemes to talk about the order of events, for example, tomorrow, yesterday, next month, last year etc. Boroditsky (2011, p. 1305-1328) Events that are yet to happen i. e. in the future are thought to be ‘up’ (‘shang’) and events in that have already happened i. . past events are thought to be ‘down’ (‘xia’) (Boroditsky et al, 2010, p. 1). Th ere are some minor cases where English speakers do refer to time using vertical spatial terms, e. g. â€Å"Things will be better down the line. † However it has been proven that Mandarin speakers think about time vertically more frequently than English speakers do (Boroditsky et al, 2010, p. 2). An experiment to verify this can be seen through Chan and Bergen’s workings, â€Å"Writing direction in? uences spatial cognition. Where a group of native English and Mandarin speakers were asked to spatially arrange temporal sequences shown to them in pictures, 30% of the time Mandarin speakers arranged the pictures vertically as opposed to the English speakers who didn’t arrange them vertically once. There are in fact many experiments to test the linguistic relativity hypotheses, regarding whether English and Mandarin speakers differ in their thinking and perception of time using spatial metaphors. The leader in this current field of research is the aforementioned Ler a Boroditsky. Boroditsky has carried out many studies on this specific topic. Does Language Shape Thought? : Mandarin and English Speakers’ Conceptions of Time† published in 2001, Boroditsky deliberates the question, ‘Is processing altered in the long term by the use of metaphors†. In 2008, Boroditsky revisited the topic, carrying out further experiments concluding the Mandarin speakers are more inclined to arrange time vertically. The paper was titled â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think differently about time? † Boroditsky’s latest research and publishing’s, entitled â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? has concluding experiments that claim to the affirmative of the relative linguistic hypothesis. Boroditsky’s previous workings did not consider the importance of the pairing of primes and targets. In her most recent studies it shows that disregarding these aspects will lead to further inte rference and instability. There are numerous methods of predicting if English and Mandarin speakers conceive different conceptions of the sequential order of time. Firstly, each race must be tested in their own language. Testing Mandarin speakers through English or vice versa introduces unnecessary variables into the experiment.If Mandarin speakers were to be tested through English it would inevitably test if Mandarin speakers think differently when they speak English. The question of whether they think differently to English speakers would not be properly examined and answered, as they would be thinking habitually but rather how their newly acquired language has influenced them to speak (assuming the legitimacy of the Relative Linguistic Hypothesis. ) The test would separate a group of native English and Mandarin speakers into their native languages. Each participant is given 3 magnets with pictures on them.One magnet depicts a picture of a sitting high up on a tree. The next pictu re sees the boy falling off of the tree. The final picture comprises of the boy on the ground crying. Each participant is then asked in their native language to stick their magnets, in order of events onto a magnetic board secured onto a wall. Presumably, assuming that Mandarin speakers construct time on a vertical axis, their pictures would be placed vertically. With the first picture placed at the bottom of the vertical line and the final picture at the top of the vertical line.In comparison it would be assumed that English speakers would place the pictures horizontally from left to right in starting order. The evidence from this experiment, would suggest that due to the different alignments of the pictures, Mandarin speakers do think differently to English speakers regarding the sequential order of time. With the available evidence from Lera Boroditsky’s 2010 publication, â€Å"Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? † There proves to be many plausible, evidence based methods for testing the question do English and Mandarin speakers think differently?Boroditsky’s most recent experiments takes 181 people, 118 were native English speakers and 63 were native Mandarin speakers whom also spoke English. The procedure involved projections of Woodey Allen’s face on a screen. There were two pictures, the first was shown on a fixed point on the screen for 2 seconds and the second was then shown in the same position. The second picture stayed there until the participants answered the question. The question posed to them was whether the second picture of Woody Allen was taken at an earlier or later stage in his life than the first.To answer the question the participants had to press a key on a keyboard, one labelled earlier and one labelled later. The position of the keys were arranged into four groups. The first group, tested on 51 native English speakers and 26 Mandarin speakers, had their keyboards lying flat on the table top. The keys were on the horizontal axis, the left key labelled earlier and the right key labelled later in the first group. The left key labelled later and the right key labelled earlier in the second group.For the remainder of participants, 67 native English speakers and 37 Mandarin speakers, their keyboards were positioned vertically to the table top. The keys were respectively arranged in a vertical order. The bottom key labelled earlier and the top key labelled later in the first group. The bottom key labelled later and the top key labelled earlier in the second group. The reasoning behind this experiment was that assuming people habitually represent time on a horizontal or vertical axis, asking them to view the axis in an incongruent order to their automatic reasoning, should cause an interference.The results coincided with this reasoning. As discussed previously, both Mandarin and English speakers use horizontal spatial terms to represent time and both groups showed a canonicality effect on the horizontal axis. However as proven, Mandarin speakers think of time more frequently on the vertical axis than English speakers do. Only Mandarin speakers responded faster when the earlier key was placed on top in the vertical axis on the keyboard. This study clearly suggests that Mandarin speakers do think about the sequential order of time differently to English speakers.Mandarin speakers make explicit use of the vertical axis regarding time more often than English speakers. With reference to the question posed by the linguistic relativity hypothesis, â€Å"Does language shape thought? † the prediction of whether English and Mandarin speakers view the sequence of time differently was affirmed. Through the discussion of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis it became clear that the origins and developments of the hypothesis were needed in order to establish the exact question that was being asked in this essay.The question was then specified to refe r to two different languages, which were as mentioned, Mandarin and English. The thought questioned was that of time. The vocabulary dealt with was ‘space’ and ‘time’ and how they combine to comprise of different thoughts to the speakers of the languages. The conclusion and answer to the central question of this essay was yes, English speakers and Mandarin speakers do think differently. Mandarin speakers are much more likely to think about time on a vertical axis while English speakers think about time on a horizontal plane.The question â€Å"Does language shape thought? † has been a topic that has spanned the centuries and perplexed anthropologists, linguists and psychologists. It seems this question has enlightened people over the centuries too, and the thought of language affecting cognition has been a desired theory. Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne is known to have said â€Å"to have a second language, is to have a second soul. † Reference s Beek, W. 2005. Linguistic Relativism, Variants and Misconceptions. Boroditsky, L. & Fuhrman, O. et al. 2010.Do English and Mandarin Speakers think about time differently? CA: Elsevier B. V. Boroditsky, l. & Chen, E. 2011. How Linguistic and Cultural Forces Shape Conceptions of Time: English and Mandarin Time in 3D. Cognitive Science Society, Inc. Gumperz, J. J. & Levinson, C. S. 1996. Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. New York: Cambridge University Press. McAfee, C. 2004. The Linguistic Relativity Theory and Benjamin Lee Whorf. The McMaster Journal of Communication. Volume 1, Issue 1. Slobin, I. D. 1996. From â€Å"Thought and Language† to â€Å"Thinking for Speaking†. Cambridge University Press.

Analysis Of The Film Pieces Of August Essay - 1031 Words

In the film Pieces of April, the three main female characters in the movie have such diverse personalities. Throughout the movie you really get to learn about and how they react to the whole Thanksgiving meal that is going to be happening. April, the main character, the misunderstood child of the family. April, and Beth’s, broken mother, Joy, who is sick and recovering from breast cancer, this will probably be Joy’s last Thanksgiving. Beth, being the most judgmental of a sister, with no hope for April’s Thanksgiving. With three different personalities and April’s bad past with her family. As the wreckage of the past hanging over her head, April, is trying to have her family accept her for what she is blossomed into as a woman. April is trying so hard to make Thanksgiving the best Thanksgiving it could be with the wreckage of her past hanging over her head, knowing it my might be the last Thanksgiving for her mom Joy. She is the lost one in the family. 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